What is the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi?

The Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi is an Indigenous governing body based on Kauaʻi, formed in its present constitution in 1990. It holds that it continues the lineage and legal standing of the Hawaiian Kingdom. That is the Kingdom's own position; it is not a member or observer of the United Nations and holds no instrument of recognition from any state.

Who is the Aliʻi Nui of the Kingdom of Atooi?

Aliʻi Nui Aleka Aipoalani is Head of State as designated by the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi. The Kingdom maintains a genealogical claim to the aliʻi of Kauaʻi; that lineage is held in Kingdom and custodial records and is not established by an independent published genealogy in this archive.

What is the Kingdom's position on the 1893 overthrow?

United States Public Law 103-150 (1993) acknowledges that the 1893 overthrow occurred without the consent of the Native Hawaiian people. The Kingdom's position is that Hawaiian sovereignty was therefore never lawfully extinguished. The United States position is that Hawaiʻi is a state of the Union, and no court has ruled in the Kingdom's favour on this question. UNDRIP addresses Indigenous peoples generally and is not a recognition instrument.

How is the Kingdom of Atooi related to King Kamehameha and the Hawaiian Kingdom?

The Kingdom asserts descent from the aliʻi lines of the pre-unification kingdoms of Hawaiʻi, and maintains treaties, decrees and a ceremonial record. These are Kingdom-held records; the archive labels each with its evidence class rather than presenting them as independently verified.

Treaty of Reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom, 30 January 1875

Library of Congress certified reproduction, 7 March 2012

Historical Primary SourcePKOA-DR-1875-008

View Reference Pages Verify This Record

Publication in this archive confirms that the Kingdom of Atooi holds or has reviewed the displayed record. Publication does not by itself establish governmental recognition, legal validity, ratification, or endorsement by every person or institution named in the document.

Official displayed title: Treaty of Reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom, 30 January 1875
Plain-language title: The 1875 trade treaty between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States
Permanent archive ID: PKOA-DR-1875-008
Record classification: Historical Primary Source
Instrument type: treaty
Date: 30 January 1875
Date precision: exact
Place: Signed at Washington, D.C., United States
Issuing party: Library of Congress, Office of Business Enterprises, Duplication Services Section (certifying office for this reproduction)
Recipient or counterparty: United States of America (treaty counterparty)
Named parties: United States of America; Hawaiian Kingdom
Signatories and titles, as written: As written on the face of the reproduction: Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State of the United States; Elisha H. Allen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands; Henry A. P. Carter, Special Commissioner. Ratification and attestation names appear in the closing pages of the reproduction.
Number of pages: 6
Original filename: TREATY_OF_RECIPROCITY-06-11-2026-11:17.pdf (preservation copy); earlier lower-resolution scan "Treaty Between Hawaiian Kingdom and US.pdf" retained in version history; "__Treaty Between Hawaiian Kingdom and US_copy.docx" retained as a transcription, not a separate instrument
File type: PDF (certified reproduction); a Word-processed transcription of the same instrument is retained privately as a supporting exhibit
Access status: PUBLIC
Plain-language summary: A six-page reproduction. The first leaf is a Library of Congress certificate from the Office of Business Enterprises, Duplication Services Section, stating that the collections of the Library contain a publication entitled "Treaty of Reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom", dated 30 January 1875, and that the attached photocopies, pages 1 through 5, are a true representation from that work; the certificate is dated 7 March 2012 and refers to the seal of the Library of Congress affixed to it, signed by the Duplication Services Section Head (name not legible in the scan). The treaty text follows: the preamble names plenipotentiaries Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, for the United States, and the Honorable Elisha H. Allen, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Chancellor of the Kingdom, and the Honorable Henry A. P. Carter, for the King of the Hawaiian Islands. Articles set out schedules of goods admitted free of duty, evidence of origin, a bar on export duties and on leasing or disposing of any port, harbour or territory or granting like privileges to another power, entry into force with a seven-year term, and ratification and exchange at Washington within eighteen months. The attestation reads: Done in duplicate, at Washington, the thirtieth day of January, 1875, with sealed signatures of HAMILTON FISH, ELISHA H. ALLEN and HENRY A. P. CARTER.
Provenance or source: Uploaded to the Kingdom's private document intake on 8 September 2026 in three forms: "Treaty Between Hawaiian Kingdom and US.pdf", "__Treaty Between Hawaiian Kingdom and US_copy.docx" and "TREATY_OF_RECIPROCITY-06-11-2026-11:17.pdf". Comparison shows all three carry the same Library of Congress certificate of 7 March 2012 and the same five pages of treaty text; they are the same document in different files and formats, so a single record is created.
Custodian: Office of the Archive, Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi
Custodial history: Reproduction certified by the Library of Congress on 7 March 2012. How the Kingdom obtained the copy is not yet documented in the public archive.
Redactions: Not yet documented in the public archive.

Source and corroboration

This section states what sources the archive actually holds for this record. It is separate from the record's evidence classification, which is set by archival review.

Public corroboration status

Documentation Pending

Corroborating documentation has not yet been gathered or confirmed for this record.

Sources held for this record

Not yet documented in the public archive.

What this document establishes

The reproduction shows the text of the Treaty of Reciprocity concluded on 30 January 1875 between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom, together with the certification of the reproducing office. It establishes the wording of the instrument as held in that certified reproduction, and it establishes that the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaty relations with the United States in the nineteenth century.

What this document does not establish

This is a historical Hawaiian Kingdom record. It is not a modern instrument of the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi and does not transfer, confer or continue any status to the present-day Kingdom. It does not establish formal state recognition of the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi, United Nations membership or accreditation, or any authority to bind a government today. It is not evidence of the treaty's present-day legal force, which is a separate question.

Verify this record

Authenticity-review status: documentation_pending
Reviewing office or archive custodian: Office of the Archive, Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi
Date added to the archive: 8 September 2026
Date last reviewed: 8 September 2026

SHA-256 preservation hash

b618d15d2507cb1cdbcebbfe79cb3bb90ec645da5efa91a22a44f3d963633495

The preservation original is retained in the Kingdom's archive and is not published. The hash above is taken from that original; pages shown in the reading room are watermarked reference copies prepared from it. To confirm a copy against the archive, write to office@kingdomofatooi.com citing the public document ID.

The permanent verification record for this document, including its status, version and integrity hashes, is at /archive/verify/PKOA-DR-1875-008. A matching hash confirms that a copy is identical to the file the archive holds; it does not establish provenance, legal validity or recognition.

Related records

Not yet documented in the public archive.

Corrections and provenance inquiries: write to corrections@kingdomofatooi.com with the public document ID and the point at issue. Documented corrections are recorded in the record's review history.