What is the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi?

The Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi is an Indigenous governing body based on Kauaʻi, formed in its present constitution in 1990. It holds that it continues the lineage and legal standing of the Hawaiian Kingdom. That is the Kingdom's own position; it is not a member or observer of the United Nations and holds no instrument of recognition from any state.

Who is the Aliʻi Nui of the Kingdom of Atooi?

Aliʻi Nui Aleka Aipoalani is Head of State as designated by the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi. The Kingdom maintains a genealogical claim to the aliʻi of Kauaʻi; that lineage is held in Kingdom and custodial records and is not established by an independent published genealogy in this archive.

What is the Kingdom's position on the 1893 overthrow?

United States Public Law 103-150 (1993) acknowledges that the 1893 overthrow occurred without the consent of the Native Hawaiian people. The Kingdom's position is that Hawaiian sovereignty was therefore never lawfully extinguished. The United States position is that Hawaiʻi is a state of the Union, and no court has ruled in the Kingdom's favour on this question. UNDRIP addresses Indigenous peoples generally and is not a recognition instrument.

How is the Kingdom of Atooi related to King Kamehameha and the Hawaiian Kingdom?

The Kingdom asserts descent from the aliʻi lines of the pre-unification kingdoms of Hawaiʻi, and maintains treaties, decrees and a ceremonial record. These are Kingdom-held records; the archive labels each with its evidence class rather than presenting them as independently verified.

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the French Empire and the Hawaiian Kingdom (1857)

French Empire (Napoleon III, Emperor of the French); Hawaiian Kingdom (Kamehameha IV, King of the Sandwich Islands)

Treaty Register

Foundational Bilateral TreatyEuropeKOA-TREATY-FR-1858

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the French Empire and the Hawaiian Kingdom (1857)

Signed: 29 October 1857
Effective: —
Coordinates: 48.8566, 2.3522
Ratifications Exchanged: 8 September 1858
Ratifying Authority: Ratified 8 September 1858, per the published edition of the treaty. Not read on the copy held by this archive.

Counterparties

French Empire (Napoleon III, Emperor of the French); Hawaiian Kingdom (Kamehameha IV, King of the Sandwich Islands)

Signatories, as named on the instrument

Louis Émile Perrin, plenipotentiary for the French Empire (per the published edition; not read on the held copy)
Robert Crichton Wyllie, plenipotentiary for the Hawaiian Kingdom (per the published edition; not read on the held copy)

Summary

Verified from published editions of the treaty: a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, and Kamehameha IV, King of the Sandwich Islands, signed at Honolulu on 29 October 1857 and ratified on 8 September 1858, the plenipotentiaries being Louis Émile Perrin for France and Robert Crichton Wyllie for the Hawaiian Kingdom. The copy held by this archive is a separate matter: a forty-three page French chancery manuscript whose own date, place, signature block and seals have not been reliably read, and which has not been transcribed. The 1858 previously carried in this record's file reference came from an uploaded filename, not from the face of the document. How that copy entered the Kingdom's custody, and which institution holds the original, are not documented in this archive.

Summary of provisions

Sources for the verified facts above: Treaty with France, 1857, full text, Tribal Treaties Database, Oklahoma State University (treaties.okstate.edu/treaties/treaty-with-france-1857); "Treaty with France, ratified on the 8th of September, 1858", in Treaties and conventions concluded between the Hawaiian Kingdom and other powers since 1825 (hawaiiankingdom.org/pdf/French_Treaty.pdf); Punawaiola, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, naming Perrin and Wyllie as the plenipotentiaries. This is a summary with citations, not a transcription of the held copy. A qualified transcription and translation from the French, and a documented chain of custody, are still required before anything is stated from the held copy itself. This treaty concerns the historical Hawaiian Kingdom; it establishes no relationship between France and the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi.

Condensed by the archive from the instrument. This is a summary, not a transcription; the document's own words are in the reference pages.

Attached Documents

· 1

France Treaty of Friendship 1858.pdf
application/pdf · 8.5 MB
No reference pages are published for this scan. The archive holds it as a closed copy.
Request access to this copy
Quote archival reference KOA-TREATY-FR-1858.

Region on the Diplomatic Map

This instrument is part of the Kingdom's Europe engagements. Return to the atlas to explore nearby engagements.

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Classification and Effect

This record is classified as Foundational Bilateral Treaty. Every instrument is listed under the title written on the document itself. Classification describes the character of the instrument; it never replaces, shortens, or restates the original title.

This instrument was concluded between the historical Hawaiian Kingdom and France, according to the treaty practice of its era; France was a party to it. Holding it in this register records that history. It does not establish any treaty relationship between France and the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi, nor any present-day recognition of the Polynesian Kingdom of Atooi by that state, by any other state, or by any intergovernmental organisation.